International Conference on
Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Biography:

Abstract:

Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the most common cause of both hospital and community acquired urinary tract infection. Studies on molecular characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistant E. coli from urine of patients attending tertiary Health Care Centre, Nasarawa State, Nigeria was carried out. A total of 780 (380 from Federal Medical Centre Keffi [FMCK] and 400 from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia [DASHL]) urine samples from patients with suspected urinary tract infections were collected over a period of six (6) month; and E. coli was isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for the isolates was carried out in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol. The detection of ESBL production in isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftazidime) was carried out using double disc synergy test. The detection of ESBL resistance genes in phenotypic ESBL producing isolates was carried out using Polymerase chain reaction method. The overall occurrence of the isolates was 107 (13.7%). The occurrence of the isolates in relation to the hospital was high in DASHL (13.7%) than FMCK (12.7%). The occurrence of isolates in relation to gender of patients was high in female both at FMCK (15.5%) and DASHL (15.8%). The occurrence of the isolates in relation to age was both high in 11-20 years (23.5%) at FMCK and ˃50 years (31.8%) at DASHL. The isolates in DASHL were more resistant to ampicillin (81.6%) and streptomycin and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprime (75.0%) while in FMCK, the isolates were also more resistant to ampicillin (80.4%) and streptomycin (68.2%). The overall occurrence of ESBL producing isolates was 18 (54.5%). The occurrence of the ESBL producing isolates in relation to the hospitals was high in DASHL (54.5%) than FMCK (46.2%). The occurrence of ESBL genes such as bla_TEM was high in DASHL (66.67%) while bla_SHV and bla_CTX-M were high in FMCK (83.33%) but bla_CTX-M was low in DASHL (33.3%). Most of the isolates both in the tertiary hospitals were more resistance to the antibiotics commonly but gentamicin, imipenem and amoxicillin/clavulanic were effective against the isolates. Most of the isolates were also ESBL resistance and the predominant ESBL resistance genes were bla_TEM and bla_CTX-M in both hospitalsThe antibiotics such as gentamicin, imipenem and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid should be used for treatment UTIs caused by E. coli isolates.

Biography:

The researcher has been active in the field of microbiology and using nanotechnology by making nanoparticles with a magnetic approach has taken a major step in the development of a targeted solution. During last few years, considerable research has been done in this field, and the results obtained first in the relevant university, and then continued in the private research center. Published articles as credible sources underscore the validity of this analysis. The researcher is more interested in the use of chemical-pharmaceuticals applied with nanocatalysts in bacterial culture-growth medium and has analyzed the rate of inhibition of bacterial growth, and finally the results indicate the antibacterial properties of magnetic nanoparticles. By incorporating new materials into the compound, the amount of antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles are challenged to improve the bactericidal process. According to an analysis done (by Binandeh M in Maragheh University in the Biotechnology Laboratory in 2015 year), results is well able to substantiate the results of nanoparticle performance in all respects. The continuation of this process is being studied and analyzed in a private laboratory clinic in a personal research center.

Abstract:

In most parts of the world, the topic of nanotechnology is one of the most important topics, so to develop this science, the use of magnetic nanoparticles is appropriate. A number of recent articles published by magnetic nanoparticles in the field of medicine-microbiology have investigated the mortality rate of microbes including bacteria. Bacteria have one of the simplest biological structures and are therefore easier to test. The effect of the nanoparticles on bactericidal rate is based on the nanocatalytic properties and the crystal structure, so devices such as UV Visible Spectroscopy, H¹NMR, SEM, Magnetic Detect, analyses etc. are used to record this case. In following, the data stabilize the regular structure of the nanoparticles, and can eventually be purified or combined with antibiotics in appropriate amounts in the bacterial culture medium to influence their growth process after a half-day. Bacteria can be prevented from growing or stopping completely and completely disappearing. The results of the identifiers indicate the high performance of the magnetic nanoparticles and attribute their antibacterial properties. Applying this action both in vitro and in the living environment of the body to prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria proves to be a very safe and safe way to eliminate microbial agents from the body and the nanoparticles without any danger to the field. The magnetic is purposefully directed to out of the living cell.

Biography:

Bijayata Shrestha completed her Masters Degree in Microbiology (Medical) at the age of 28 years from Tribhuwan University, Nepal. She started working in HAMS hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal in 2009 A.D. right after completing her Undergraduate degree in Medical Laboratory Technology (BMLT) from Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, India. She is currently designated as in-charge of Pathology department in the Hospital and her duties and responsibilities include QC analysis, laboratory report authorization and staff duty roster maintenance. Besides, She is also working as a lecturer to PCL Nursing students in HAMS Nursing College since 2010 A.D.

Abstract:

Enteric fever is one of the most common diseases encountered worldwide and is endemic in Nepal. This study was conducted to access antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates from culture positive cases of enteric fever.

Methods: Altogether 505 blood samples were collected from patients clinically suspected of enteric fever attending HAMS Hospital. All blood samples were cultured by BACTEC method and sub cultured in blood agar and MacConkey agar plates. All isolates were identified by colony characteristics, biochemical tests and serotyping methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method interpreted with CLSI guideline.

Result: Isolation rate of Salmonella species was 3.6%. Among 18 Salmonella isolates, 10 were S. typhi, 8 were S. paratyphi A. The prevalence rate of infection was high among the age group 11-20 years (50%) and among the male patients. However, there was no significant association of enteric fever with gender of patients (p=2.47). All 18 isolates were sensitive to Amoxycillin, Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone and Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin. Majority of isolates were sensitive to Cefixime (94.4%), Cotrimoxazole (94.4%) and Cephotaxime (90%). There were no any MDR isolates. Higher percentage of isolates was resistant to Nalidixic acid (87.5%).

Conclusion: The decreased susceptibility to Fluroquinolones of S. typhi and S. Paratyphi A can be correlated with resistance to Nalidixic acid. Commonly used third generation Cephalosporins and rolled back first line drugs be the choice in case of NARS isolates.

Biography:

Dr. Nassiri is a former Associate Dean of Global Health at the Michigan State University (MSU).  He also served as MSU director of Institute of International Health.  He is currently Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Professor of Family and Community Medicine, and, lecturer in Global Health, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine.  He currently works on international public health issues relating to infectious diseases and has expertise in global health. He has made contributions in various fields of medical sciences including clinical investigation and health education. On the basis of his extensive experience and expertise in chronic infectious diseases including HIV/AIDS, TB, antimicrobial resistance and human gut microbiome, he has developed clinical research programs in Brazil, Haiti, Dominican Republic and Mexico. He had served as editorial board member for the journal of HIV and AIDS Review.  He is currently on editorial board member for AIDS Patient Care and STDs.  Prof. Nassiri has delivered national and international seminar presentations on tropical medicine, HIV/AIDS, global health and public health interventions in numerous national and international conferences and workshops including antibiotic resistance.  He is internationally recognized for his work in the areas of building effective international partnerships particularly in global health, community health, clinical care capacity building, and technical assistance mechanism. He is the founder of Michigan State University Osteopathic and Primary Health Clinic in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.

His research interests are Clinical Pharmacology of HIV/AIDS, human gut microbiome, antibiotic resistance, prevention and control of infectious diseases, neglected tropical diseases, community health, global health, socio-ethical determinants of health, and community-based public health interventions.  In collaboration with his Brazilian colleagues, he conducts research in the eastern Brazilian Amazon population on incidence and prevalence of HIV, TB, Hepatitis C, HPV, and antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract:

Antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge in modern medicine which impairs the effectiveness of therapies in infectious diseases, cancer, and a health risk for agricultural products.  Antibiotic resistance globally impacts the health of millions in both developed and developing nations and is associated with massive financial burden on society, especially in healthcare sectors. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers antimicrobial resistance as one the major public health threats. 

Recent evidence suggest global consumption of antibiotics has increased nearly 40% in the last decade.  The incredible rapid antibiotic resistance which is taking place worldwide is not only a serious threat to the practice of modern medicine, but equally important, a threat to global public health.  While the causes of antibiotic resistance are complex, certainly human behavior play a significant role in the spread of antibiotic resistant genes.  In addition to the human behavior, the drivers of resistance include agriculture sector, animal husbandry, household and industry – these factors contribute significantly to the spread of the resistant genes within the ecosystem.  Such resistant mechanisms are continuously emerging globally, which threatens our ability to treat common infections, resulting in increased death, disability and costs. 

The CDC and WHO surveillance data shows that the resistance in E. coli is generally and consistently the highest for antibacterial agents in both human and veterinary medicine.  Within communities, resistant bacteria circulate from person to person or from animals and environment to person, or vice versa.  With more than 1 billion people travelling each year, bacteria are becoming more mobile.  The bacterial resistance can kill 700,000 worldwide each year and it’s been estimated to kill 10 million by 2050.  The WHO estimates 78 million people a year get gonorrhea - there is a widespread resistance to the first-line medicine ciprofloxacin as well as increasing resistance to azithromycin. 

The emergence of resistance to last-resort treatments known as extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) is now eminent. The five riskiest superbugs are globally recognized as (1) the original one: Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), (2) the hospital lurkers: Clostridium Difficile and Acinetobacter, (3) the food borne pathogens: Escherichia coli and Salmonella, (4) The sexually-transmitted infections: Gonorrhea and Chlamydia, and (5) TB. India is an example of encountering the deadly bacterial resistance.

The discovery of the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) which disables almost all antibiotics directed against it, was turning point in the rapid emergence of bla_NDM-1 gene which was first identified in 2008 in people who had traveled in India or sought medical care in South Asia.  The gene for NDM-1 travels on a plasmid, an extra-chromosomal loop of DNA that can be traded freely among bacteria. So far, it has been found a variety of bacterial species that carry NDM-1 particularly in the gut bacteria, can cause serious infections in vulnerable hospital patients in India, South Asia, South Africa and the UK.

There are two major routes of spread for the bacteria; hospital and the community.  In hospital infections, bacteria carrying NDM-1 move from person to person when patients who have received many antibiotics, develop diarrhea and traces of feces contaminate surfaces, equipment and healthcare workers' hands.  In community infections, the bacteria carrying the enzyme passes from person to person when traces of feces contaminate municipal water supplies – and with a large percentage of the population lacking any access to sanitation. In addition, tourists can pick up antibiotic-resistance genes in just 2-3 days. 

In the animal husbandry and agricultural sectors of China, the demand for the antibiotics to reach almost 12,000 tons per year. The high prevalence of the mrc-1 gene in E. Coli samples both in animals and raw meat, with the number of positive-testing samples are increasing each year in China.  On average, more than 20 percent of bacteria in the animal samples and 15 percent of the raw meat samples carried the mrc-1 gene.  Numerous European countries have reported the existence of mrc-1 gene in the isolates from human, isolates from animals used for food, isolates from food, and isolated from the environment. 

In summary, because of the One Health nature of antibiotic resistance, cross-disciplinary interaction is highly vital to control and prevent the global spread of antibiotic resistance.  Therefore, there is an urgent need between research universities and industry aimed at developing novel antimicrobial agents to save the practice of modern medicine and to implement effective public health strategies minimizing the global burden of antibiotic resistance.   

Biography:

Abstract:

The study was performed to detect Cryptosporidium in children that attended Hevi Teaching Pediatric Hospital in Duhok city/Kurdistan region of Iraq. Stool samples were collected from children with or without diarrhea included both sexes and different age groups ranging from less than 1 – 12 year old.

A total of 122 stool samples collected from children were examined to detect Cryptosporidium by conventional PCR that carried out at Duhok Research Center in the college of Veterinary Medicine.

Out of 122 stool samples of children of which 48 (39.34%) were positive against cryptosporidiosis. The samples were categorized according to diarrheic and non-diarrheic

In diarrheic children, the highest infection rate 7/9 (77.78%) was among those who 9-12 year old, whereas the lowest infection rate 5/19 (26.32%) was among the age group 5-8 year.  In non-diarrheic children the highest infection rate 4/11 (36.36%) was among 1-4 year, while the lowest infection rate 3/15 (20%), 2/10 (20%) were among the both age group of  5-8 year and 9-12 year respectively.

This study indicates that asymptomatic infection is common and could be detected by PCR among different age groups of children. In the present study, the results of sequences analyzing of PCR products; showed identical to the Cryptosporidium sequences in the GenBank.

Biography:

Abstract:

This research aims to survey the internal mycotic flora of Lizards and toads, including those responsible for exogenous and endogenous mycotic infections. The toad is a tailless amphibian belonging to the phylum – chordate, sub-class-Lissamphibia, Order-Anura and broken down into many families. Lizards are reptilians belonging to the order – Squamata and Suborder – Sauria. The fungal flora of the internal organs of forty (40) Lizards (Agama agama) and forty (40) toads (Bufo bufo) were reviewed. A total of four hundred and eighty (480) organ samples were obtained by dissection from the species of the animals under study. All the bufo toads were caught from swampy areas in Nnamdi Azikiwe University temporary site campus, Awka while the Agamid Lizard were likewise caught from residential areas in Ameyi and Amudo Communities, Awka, Anambra state. The toads and lizards that were caught and six (6) internal organs were removed from each animal. Similar thing was done with the Agamid Lizards. The sample were aseptically cultured on Sabourad’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) supplemented with 0.1% V/V Chloramphenicol. The Colonies observed were macroscopically, microscopically and culturally examined and then identified. RESULTS: A total of twenty (20) different species of fungi belonging to eleven (11) genera were recovered. These included Basidiobolus haptosporus 16 (40%); Candida albicans 20 (50%); Crytococcus neoformans 16 (40%); Trichosporon capitatum 8 (20%) and Penicillium spp 8 (20%). The most frequently recovered organism was Aspergillus flavus 48 (70%); and this was followed closely by Hansenula anomala 24 (60%). Other genera include Phialophora, Torulopsis, Rhodotorula, Cladosporium, Malassezia and other species of Candida and Aspergillus. 

CONCLUSION: Basidiobolus haptosporus is the most important fungus isolated from the stomach of lizards and toads. It is the etiological agent of subcutaneous phycomycosis, a mycotic disease reported from several countries in West. Candida spp are etiological agents of various forms of candidiasis reported in man and other animals. No animal used showed any sign of infection. Hansenula, Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus, Penicillin spp were also recovered from the internal organs of the amphibians and reptiles without any sign of infection. The occurrence of some organisms have been reported in many parts of the world especially Nigeria.

Biography:

Ayoub Bazzaz has obtained PhD at the age of 30 years from Nottingham University, UK and continued postdoctoral research works for over 10 years at Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff Universities in the UK. He is one of the founder of Faculty of Medicine of Tikrit University, Iraq and first head of Anatomy department 1988-1991. Has supervised and refereed many MSc and PhD students in Iraq, KSA, Libya and UK and has over 60 published scientific papers in reputed International journals.

Abstract:

Specific histological alteration in appendices was studies using immuno-histochemical technique against Substance-P. Fifty patients aged 3-45 years (21 male and 29 female) admitted Azadi Teaching Hospital with clinical sign and symptoms of appendicitis were involved. Significant differences (p≤0.034) was detected at age 11-30 years of ages with clinical suspected appendicitis in most patients while right iliac fossa pain, vomiting and nausea were predominate clinical symptoms yet non-specific signs of appendicitis. Only 18% of cases were normal (without inflammation) were considered experimental cases. In the experimental group the intensity and location of the substance-P expression either: (+) weak; (++) strong or no expression (negative S-P) strongly were detectable in nerve plexus than in acute inflammation of epithelium and muscularis layers of the appendix while in lamina propria the expression was similar between the two groups. The normal symptomatic appendices were found without inflammation; but with clear substance-P expression. It is concluded that the stronger expression of S-P in normal appendices may confirm the concept of neuro-immuno appendicitis which disproves the negative appendectomy term. Further immunohistochemical studies are in place to explore specific histological alteration associated with the pains using other antibodies i.e. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and GAP-43.

Biography:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biovars of Salmonella that are found in poultry farms in Abia and Imo States, southeastern Nigeria. Forty Salmonella isolates obtained from previous study were subjected to molecular identification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Salmonella universal and species specific primers. Six different Salmonella serotypes were screened to determine the biovars that is present in the study. The serotypes are Salmonella Infantis, Salmonella Typhimurum, Salmonella Weltervreden, Salmonella  Enteritidis, Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinerum. The PCR products of the genomic DNA extracted from the 40 Salmonella isolates produced bands at 250bp following agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplification of the species specific primers is evidenced with detection of bands. Two Salmonella biovars were detected out of the 6 Salmonella serotypes used for the study, namely, Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinerum. Sixteen Salmonella  Gallinerum were isolated from Imo State while 24 Salmonella Pullorum was isolated from Abia State with bands ranging from 100bp to 250bp. The study shows that the predominant biovars present in the study area are two and this could have remarkable epidemiological implications in the control of disease. There is a need to monitor the movement of day old chicks for pathogenic Salmonella species to facilitate the control of these economically important zoonotic Salmonella disease.

Abstract:

Dr Nwiyi Paul has his expertise in bacteriology and antimicrobial studies. He is passionate on studies of different emerging bacterial strains and their resistance to antibiotics as well as detecting more susceptible drugs for the treatment. Microbial diagnosis is modeled via molecular method which gives more sensitive diagnosis than relying on only biochemical features. This molecular method makes use of gene extraction of either RNA or DNA via polymerase chain reaction which makes for specific and reliable diagnosis.

Biography:

Ram Bahadur Khadka is a Senior Microbiologist at Crimson College of Technology where he worked as a lecturer of Health Science (Bsc.MLT) including laboratory Technologist to hold all critical conditions at medical laboratory fields. He has worked with different laboratories and medical college as a leading person. He helps to solve and handle upcoming laboratory professional problems to provide quality and effective reports for patients. He is a microbiologist form Butwal – 12, Province no – 5, Nepal.

Abstract:

Introduction:

Dengue an arboviral disease is one of the foremost important arthropod borne manifestation which is highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is estimated that annually around fifty million populations are infected with dengue globally.Clinical manifestations of dengue includes from mild fever to severe life threatening complications like dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dengue disease among the suspected individuals in a tertiary care setting.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study was done from March 2019 to May 2019 among 821 participations in Crimson Hospital, Butwal, Nepal. Blood samples were collected and World Health Organization Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) certified rapid solid phase immune-chromatographic method was used for qualitative detection of Dengue Non – Structural Protein 1antigen (NS1), Anti IgM and Anti IgG antibody following standard protocol. Collected data were tabulated in MS-Excel and analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 20.

Result: Out of 821 study participants 389 (47.4%) were Positive for NS1test and was more prevalent among the age group of 21 to 30 years, whereas 175 (21.3%) and 11(1.3%) were positive for IgM and IgG antibodies respectively.

Conclusions: Our study revealed the high prevalence of dengue cases, so the methods for early diagnosis, steps for awareness of prevention, better case management and faster public health response is must to reduce the disease burden.

Biography:

A practicing physician in the field of healthcare in the state of Kerala in India for the last 30 years and very much interested in basic research. My interest is spread across the fever , inflammation and  back pain,. I am a writer. I already printed and published nine books in these subjects. I wrote hundreds of articles in various magazines.

After scientific studies we have developed 8000 affirmative cross checking questions. It  can explain all queries related with fever

Abstract:

All treatments for fever are based on the belief  that  fits is the result of  41 degree Celsius temperature and  it  damages cells of  brain and body. At the same time there is no evidence based   tests or concrete  diagnosing  methods  to the  belief  that  fits and brain damage  is the result of  pyrexia [1].

Necessary ingredients to destroy brain cells  and fits cannot be seen  in fever.In pyrexia or absence of fever  a fainted  patient fell on the floor with unconscious state and destroy cells of brain, and necessary ingredients to  become conscious are same.

When disease increases essential blood circulation and energy level also decreases. The vertical height between heart and brain is more than one feet. When the disease becomes severe, ability to pump the  blood to the brain decreases. As a result of this   brain cells are damaged. so the patient might be paralyzed or may even die.

In pyrexia or absence of fever,  when blood flow to the brain decreases and fits are formed. There is no other  way than  this  to increase  blood circulation  to the brain.It is  a sensible and discreet  action of brain to protect the  life or organ.

Recovery from  Fits.

The patient become conscious before the time to get decreasing the temperature of fever. When the fainted patient lie on the floor, the vertical height between heart and brain is decreased, blood circulation increased to brain.

 Self checking  methods.

When the fainted patient lie on the floor,The patient can stand straight and lie on bed alternatively.Then the patient can experience  himself the intensity of blood circulation.T he patient can experience when he stand  his blood circulation decreases and when lie on the bed the blood circulation decreases.Besides that he can also experience increased blood circulation when lie on the bed raise the foot higher than head.

Biography:

Abstract:

As you aware, if temperature increases (Absence of  fever)after 31 degree Celsius , Warm sensitive neurons increase their firing rate and inhibit Cold sensitive neurons as core temperature increases. As temperature drops, the firing rate of Warm sensitive neurons decreases, reducing their inhibition, and Cold sensitive neurons which respond by increasing their firing rates.

On the contrary to increase of temperature, in fever the firing rate of Warm sensitive neurons decreases, the firing rate of Cold sensitive neurons increases as core temperature increases. inhibit warm sensitive neurons. The temperature increasing and decreasing controlled by the brain. The firing rate of Warm sensitive neurons and Cold sensitive neurons also controlled by the brainWhen the disease becomes threat to life or organs, blood circulation decreases. Temperature of fever will emerges to increase prevailing essential blood circulation.

WBC and their products stimulate the brain to increase temperature by increasing the firing rate of Cold sensitive neurons and decreasing the firing rate of Warm sensitive neurons. And it acts as a protective covering of the body to sustain life.There is no  way other than this for a sensible and discreet  brain to increase temperature.If the aim of   Cold sensitive neurons increasing their firing rates in hypothermia is to increase temperature, then the aim of Cold sensitive neurons  increasing their firing rates during fever is also to increase temperature.

How can we prove that W neurons decreases and C neurons increases in fever to protect the  life or organ?

If we ask any type of question related to fever by assuming that the Warm sensitive neurons decreases and Cold  neurons increases in fever to protect the  life or organ we will get a clear answer. If avoid or evade from this definition we will never get proper answer to even a single question

If we do any type of treatment  by assuming  that the Warm sensitive neurons decreases and Cold  neurons increases in fever to protect the  life or organ , the body will accept, at the same time body will resist whatever treatment to decrease temperature and blood circulation.

No further evidence is required to prove The Warm sensitive neurons decreases and Cold  neurons increases in fever to protect the  life or organ.